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Legionella pneumophila

Legionella

Morphology: Faintly Gram-negative bacillus; intracellular (replicates within alveolar macrophages). Requires charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar — does NOT grow on standard media. Dieterle silver stain visualizes in tissue.

Atypical

Typical drugs

  1. #1LevofloxacinPreferred for severe disease — superior intracellular penetration vs macrolides; respiratory FQ as monotherapy in CAP.
  2. #2AzithromycinPreferred IV agent if FQ contraindicated; combo with FQ for severe disease occasionally used.
  3. #3Moxifloxacin
  4. #4DoxycyclineFor mild outpatient disease; less data than FQ or macrolide.

Empiric therapy when resistant

Fluoroquinolone or macrolide remains active. β-lactams INHERENTLY ineffective (intracellular pathogen). For severe / immunocompromised: levofloxacin 750 mg daily ± azithromycin combination; treat 7–14 days (longer for severe / immunocompromised).

Resistance mechanisms

  • Efflux pump

    Efflux pump upregulation rare in clinical isolates

    Example: Treatment failure usually reflects under-dosing or wrong drug class.

Resistance notes

Resistance is rare. Treatment failure usually = wrong empiric (β-lactam-only regimen) or under-dosing. β-lactams completely inactive — Legionella replicates inside cells.

Common syndromes

Pearls

Severe CAP with classic extras: GI symptoms (diarrhea), hyponatremia, transaminitis, hypophosphatemia, relative bradycardia, headache, AMS. Always send urine antigen in hospitalized CAP. Source: contaminated water (hot tubs, cooling towers, plumbing in old buildings, cruise ships, hospitals). Higher mortality in immunocompromised, smokers, elderly. Pontiac fever (self-limited febrile illness, no pneumonia) is the milder form. β-lactams useless — if patient on ceftriaxone alone is failing, add atypical coverage.

References